Personal Narrative Divorce Essay - 1052 Words

Personal Narrative: Divorce Mum had briefly informed me that we were going to a place that would make sure that the right parent looked after us. This was drilled into me for weeks in advance along with the miscellaneous I love you more than Dad does and you enjoy living with me more than Dad, dont you? What Mum didnt realise is that children can see straight through people like her so her ongoing effort to unbalance my opinion just floated straight past me like a cloud. My brother, on the other hand, had a tendency to make it seem as if he trusted every word Mum said. Whether he really did or whether it was all a very†¦show more content†¦Trying to find something else to worry about I wandered into Mums room. I found her standing in front of the mirror getting ready to go. She saw me in the mirror but just continued beautifying herself. She was dressed smartly and was applying her make-up as if t his was just a chance to show off. I watched her for a while and there was something provocative and spiteful about her, as if she had changed to a different person I didnt know. I lay on her bed and just stared at the ceiling trying to make sense of my first encounter with the confusion of the real, adult world. A few minutes later Mum had ushered me off of her bed and out of her room and told me to put my shoes and coat on. Instinctively, I went to help my brother put his shoes on because I knew thats what Mum actually meant. He was three years younger than me but I didnt appreciate that he wouldnt understand the importance of this visit long awaited by Mum. I kept talking to him and sharing my feelings but the only response I got was where are we going, rach? Since I didnt know the answer to this question I stopped talking and proceeded to tie his shoe laces. In the car, on the way to this unknown place I sat in the back seat in a daze. I saw my brother trying to glance out of the window but still seeming quite content so I thought I would follow his lead. Just tall enough to lookShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative: Significant Life Event of Divorce740 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment 2: Significant life event of divorce My parents divorce was one of my most significant life events. As a result of my parents divorce, I lived in a divided home. I spent part of my time with my father (usually weekends and a few holidays) and part of my time with my mother (weekdays and other major holidays). Unlike other children my age, who tended to conceive of their parents as infallible well into adolescence, I understood at a young age that my parents were not perfect. My motherRead MorePsy/230 Personal Narrative Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesFinal Project Personal Narrative PSY/230 September 23, 2012 Rehema Underwood Final Project Personal Narrative I would have to say looing back over the last five years my life has developed in to exactly what I have always wanted it to be. After going through a nasty divorce about eight years ago I went on a path of self destruction. I started drinking heavily and using drugs and a way to numb the pain I was going through. Finally after doing a few things that I’m really not proud of IRead More The Victims Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pagesimplied through contradictive perspectives. In the poem there is a shift in focus and tone during line 17. The poem addresses issues of suffering from two distinct perspectives, the first coming from a little girl and the second a grown woman. The narrative, imagery and diction are different in the two contrasting parts of the poem, and the second half carefully qualifies the first, as if to illustrate the more mature and established attitudes of the narrator in her older years – a stipulation of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Military Spouses On Fa mily Dynamics, Lack, And Lack Of Support Systems1232 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"breadwinners.† They also had a tough time adjusting to the domestic lifestyle. Again, this goes back to the fact that males are naturally conditioned to be the â€Å"breadwinner.† This then makes men feel emasculated; therefore leading to an increased divorce rate. Resources were not visibly available to the male spouses; which creates this vicious cycle of males feeling ashamed that they have to ask for help. Due to this, male spouse seem to lack having a support system, which is dangerous because itRead MoreMarriage Ancient China924 Words   |  4 Pages Chinese couples also had arranged marriages, but in modern times the tradition has faded. Although the way people get married is different a woman’s role in the marriage is similar culture to culture throughout ancient India, China, and Japan, divorce is a common practice in American now, but thousands of years ago there we re still laws and criticisms among couples in Indian and Chinese Civilizations preventing such action, and life after a death of a husband was nonexistent to women in ChineseRead More Literary Criticism of Wollstonecrafts Maria, or The Wrongs of Woman641 Words   |  3 Pagesagrees that there are contrasting tendencies within the narrative. She does not feel that the sentimentality of the narrator suggests failure on the authors behalf (32). Ty explains Wollstonecrafts contrasting voices as her attempts to use several forms and many voices, as she negotiates between what Julia Kristeva calls the semiotic and the symbolic world of the Father (32). Ty goes on to explain that Wollstonecrafts contradictory narrative tones are the result of a simple gender difference: womenRead MoreAnalysis Of Don t Blame The Eater988 Words   |  4 Pagesone’s body in â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater,†. Zinczenko is able to effectively argue against the manipulation of the food industr y by showing the reader that the consumer is the victim while the food industry is the one to blame. His use of questioning, personal appeals, imagery, direct tone and colorful diction results in a compelling case that supports his accusations of manipulation by the fast food industry. Zinczenko asks questions to support his arguments and guide the reader to what he believesRead MoreNotes On The Land Bears The Mark Of The Human History1657 Words   |  7 PagesOverview We are the stories that we tell. We shape our narratives of the past to represent who we feel we are, selecting aspects to highlight and others to forget based on how we wish to represent ourselves and the meaning we apply to particular events. Simultaneous to that process, the stories passed down through the generations, the stories that define a collective people, and repetition of the stories we each tell in our daily lives, shape individuals and their construction of self and createRead MoreHow Does Fitzgerald Tell the Story in Chapter 2 of the Great Gatsby?1092 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel. Here, Gatsby emerges as a mysterious subject of gossip. He is extremely well known, but no one seems to have any verifiable information about him. There is only one narrative voice in this chapter, which is Nick. The fact that Fitzgerald has made him a participant first person narrator, shown by the use of personal pronouns such as, ‘I think, created the effect of an unreliable narrator. The reader only finds out things in the story as and when Nick does, and we also get his point of viewRead MorePersonal Narrative Of My Life956 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative Life has always been the opposite of predictable. Twists and turns are abundant during a person’s time on this earth. It has often been compared to a rollercoaster, and I believe that there is validity in that. At one point, when it seems like the ride can only continue in the upwards direction, it goes spiraling down faster than one can register. In that moment, it seems as though every good thing in one’s life comes crashing down in a domino-like fashion. Each great piece of

Succubus Blues CHAPTER 22 Free Essays

â€Å"You faked it†¦ faked being affected by me,† I realized, shock making my words come out thick and faltering. Still chuckling, he took a step toward me, and I cringed, frantically trying to find a way to run, to get out of my own apartment. What had moments ago seemed safe and inviting now became close and stifling. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Blues CHAPTER 22 or any similar topic only for you Order Now My apartment was too small, the door too far away. I couldn’t breathe. The amusement on Roman’s face shifted to astonishment. â€Å"What’s the matter? What are you afraid of?† â€Å"What do you think I’m afraid of?† He blinked. â€Å"Me?† â€Å"Yes, you. You kill immortals.† â€Å"Well, yeah,† he admitted, â€Å"but I’d never hurt you. Never. You know that, don’t you?† I didn’t answer. â€Å"Don’t you?† I backed up farther, not that I had anywhere to go. I was faced in such a way as to only keep moving toward my bedroom, not toward the front door. That wasn’t likely to do any good. Roman still seemed floored at my reaction. â€Å"Come on, I can’t believe this. I would never do anything to you. I’m half in love with you. Hell, do you know what a wrench you’ve already thrown into this operation?† â€Å"Me? What have I done?† â€Å"What have you done? You’ve wrapped my heart around your little finger, that’s what you’ve done. That day†¦ when you solicited me at the bookstore? I couldn’t believe my luck. I’d been watching you all week, you know, trying to learn your habits. Christ, I’ll never forget the first day I saw you. How feisty you where. How beautiful. I would have gone to the ends of the earth for you right then and there. And later†¦ when you wouldn’t go out with me after the signing? I couldn’t believe it. You were originally going to be my first target, you know. But I couldn’t do it. Not after I’d talked to you. Not after I’d realized what you are.† I swallowed, curious in spite of myself. â€Å"What – what am I?† He took a step toward me, a rueful half-smile on his handsome face. â€Å"A succubus who doesn’t want to be a succubus. A succubus who wants to be human.† â€Å"No, that’s not true†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Of course it is. You’re like me. You don’t play by the rules. You’re tired of the system. You don’t let them push you into the role they’ve dictated for you. God, I couldn’t believe it, watching you. The more you seemed interested in me, the more you tried to back off. You think that’s normal for a succubus? It was the most amazing thing I’d ever seen – not to mention the most frustrating. That’s why I finally decided to call you out today. I couldn’t decide if you’d really cut me off for my own good or were just interested in someone else now – like Mortensen.† â€Å"Wait – that’s why you arranged that stupid little game today? For your own fucking ego gratification?† Roman shrugged haplessly, still looking self-satisfied. â€Å"It sounds so shallow when you put it like that. I mean, okay, it was pretty stupid. And maybe a little childish. But I had to know where your affection stood. You can’t imagine how touching it was to see you so worried about me – not to mention the fact that you checked on me first. That was the real kicker: I got priority over the others.† I almost protested that I’d actually worried about Seth first, having only called Roman beforehand because I thought Seth was already accounted for. Fortunately, I had enough sense to keep my mouth shut on that issue. Better to let Roman think he’d proven his point. â€Å"You have issues,† I said instead, perhaps unwisely. â€Å"Making me jump through hoops like that. Me and the other immortals.† â€Å"Perhaps. And I am sorry for any discomfort I caused you, but as for the others?† He shook his head. â€Å"It’s good for them. They need it, Georgina. I mean, doesn’t it piss you off? What they’ve done to you? You’re obviously not happy with your lot, but do you think the folks in charge are going to let you change things? No. No more than they’re going to give me or my kind a break. The system is flawed. They’re locked in their fucking ‘this is good’ and ‘this is evil’ mentality. No gray area. No mutability. That’s why I go around and do what I do. They need the wake-up call. They need to know they aren’t the be all and end all of sin and salvation. Some of us are still fighting.† â€Å"Go around†¦ How often do you do this? This killing thing?† â€Å"Oh, not that often. Every twenty to fifty years or so. Sometimes a century. Doing it sort of cleanses me for a while, and then, over the years, I’ll start getting pissed off at the whole system again and stake out a new place, a new set of immortals.† â€Å"Is it always the same pattern?† I remembered Jerome’s symbols. â€Å"The warning phase†¦ then the main attack phase?† Roman brightened. â€Å"Well, well, haven’t you done your homework. Yes, it usually works that way. Take out a few lesser immortals first. They’re easy targets, even if I always feel a little guilty about it. Really, they’re as much victims of the system as you and I are. Still, messing with them freaks out the higher immortals, and then the stage is set to move on to the main attraction.† â€Å"Jerome,† I stated grimly. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"Jerome†¦ the local archdemon.† I hesitated. â€Å"Your father.† â€Å"Oh. Him.† â€Å"What’s that supposed to mean? You don’t sound like he’s a big deal.† â€Å"In the grand scheme of things, he’s not.† â€Å"Yeah†¦ but he’s your father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"So? Our relationship – or lack thereof – doesn’t really change anything.† Jerome had said almost the exact same thing about Roman. Baffled, I sat down on the arm of a nearby chair since it appeared my imminent destruction wasn’t quite so imminent after all. â€Å"But isn’t he†¦ isn’t he the ‘real target’ – the higher immortal you’re here to kill?† Roman shook his head, face turning serious. â€Å"No. That’s not how the pattern works. After I move on from the lesser immortals, I focus in on the local bigwig. The real powerhouse in the area. That tends to unsettle people more. Better psychological effect, you know? If I can take out the big man on campus, then they worry no one is safe.† â€Å"So, that would be Jerome.† â€Å"No, it’s not,† he countered patiently. † Archdemonor no, my illustrious father is not the ultimate power source around here. Don’t get me wrong; I’m getting a nice bit of satisfaction from pissing in his territory, so to speak, but there’s someone else who dwarfs him. You probably don’t know him. It’s not like you’d have reason to hang out with him or anything.† Stronger than Jerome? That only left – â€Å"Carter. You’re going after Carter.† â€Å"Is that his name? The local angel?† â€Å"He’s stronger than Jerome?† â€Å"Considerably.† Roman gave me a curious look. â€Å"Do you know him?† â€Å"I†¦ know of him,† I lied. â€Å"Like you said, I don’t hang out with him or anything.† In reality, my mind raced. Carter was the target? Mild, sardonic Carter? I could hardly believe he was more powerful than Jerome, but then, I knew almost nothing about him. I didn’t even know what he did, what his job or mission in Seattle was. Yet, one thing that was obvious to me – and only me, apparently – was that if the angel really did outclass Jerome, then Roman couldn’t do anything to him, not if the rule about nephilim power not exceeding parental power held true. Roman shouldn’t technically be able to harm either angel or demon. I chose not to mention this to him, however – or the fact that I knew Carter better than Roman believed. The more delusional he was, the more of a chance we had to do something about him. â€Å"Good. I didn’t really figure a succubus would be too friendly with an angel, but with you, it’s hard to tell. You may have a sharp tongue, but you still manage to gather a lot of admirers.† Relaxing slightly, Roman leaned against a wall, crossing his arms over his chest. â€Å"God knows I’ve already gone out of my way to avoid your friends.† Anger helped me overcome my fear. â€Å"Oh really? What about Hugh?† â€Å"Which one’s he?† â€Å"The imp.† â€Å"Ah, yes. Well, I had to keep setting an example, didn’t I? So, yeah, I messed with him a little. He’d been impertinent to you. But I didn’t kill him.† He looked at me in what I supposed was meant to be an encouraging type of way. â€Å"That was for your benefit.† I stayed silent. I recalled how Hugh had looked in the hospital. Impertinent? â€Å"And what about the others?† he pushed. â€Å"That annoying angel? The vampire that threatened you? I wanted to break his neck on the spot. I got rid of them for you. I didn’t have to do that.† I felt ill. I wanted no deaths on my hands. â€Å"Most considerate of you.† â€Å"Come on, give me a break here. I had to do something, and really, once I’d met your vampire friend at the dance lesson, I couldn’t bring myself to do anything to him at all. You put me in a really tight spot. I was running out of victims.† â€Å"Sorry for the inconvenience,† I snapped, ire rising at his pathetic show of compassion. â€Å"Is that why you took it easy on me that night?† He frowned. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"You know what I mean!† Thinking back to my attack, it all made perfect sense. It had occurred after I’d been to Krystal Starz, the day after I’d run out on Roman at the concert. A perfect excuse for him to be angry and seek retaliation. â€Å"Remember? The day after Doug’s concert? After I’d been with Seth?† Understanding washed over Roman’s features. â€Å"Oh. That.† â€Å"That’s all you have to say?† â€Å"It was a bit juvenile, I admit, but you can hardly blame me. It wasn’t easy watching you cozy up to Mortensen after freaking out on me like that. I’d watched you go home with him the night before. I had to do something.† I sprang up from my seat, old apprehension returning. â€Å"You had to do something? Like beat the crap out of me in an alley?† Roman raised an eyebrow. â€Å"What are you talking about? I told you I would never hurt you.† â€Å"Then what are you talking about?† â€Å"I’m talking about that ice cream place. I’d followed you two around earlier in the day, and when I saw how cute you were getting over dessert, I got jealous and blew the door open. Juvenile, as I said.† â€Å"I remember that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I trailed off stupidly, recalling how the door had blown open at the parlor, letting the outside wind wreak havoc in the small store. Wind like that was certainly uncharacteristic here, yet I had never suspected supernatural influence. He was right; it had been juvenile. â€Å"So what’s the alley thing you’re talking about?† he prompted. I snapped out of my memory. â€Å"Later†¦ that night. I’d been running errands, and you†¦ or someone†¦ attacked me on the way home.† Roman’s face turned cold, his eyes sharpening to aqua steel. â€Å"Tell me. Tell me everything. Exactly what happened.† I did, explaining my lead to the Harrington book, subsequent trip to Krystal Starz, and walk home in the dark. I edited the part about my rescuer, however. I didn’t want Roman to know I had more than a casual acquaintance with Carter, lest the nephilim think I might be a deterrent to his plans. The more he thought I had no interest in the angel, the more likely I would be able to get out some kind of warning. Closing his eyes, Roman leaned his head against the wall when I finished, sighing. Suddenly, he looked less like a dangerous killer and more like a tired version of the man I’d come to know and nearly love. â€Å"I knew it. I knew noninterference was too much to ask.† â€Å"What†¦ what do you mean?† A strange feeling crawled down my spine. â€Å"Nothing. Forget it. Look, I’m sorry about that. I should have taken precautions beforehand to protect you. I knew too†¦ the next day? When I came by and you cut things off between us? I could tell you had been hurt, even through your shape-shifting. I could tell it was supernaturally inflicted too, but I never suspected†¦ I thought it was some other immortal – one of your own circle – you’d tangled with. You had sort of a residual effect on you†¦ the faint traces of someone else’s power†¦ like a demon’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But that’s not – oh. You mean Jerome.† â€Å"Daddy dearest again? Don’t tell me†¦ don’t tell me he did something to you too.† Roman’s brief lapse into mildness faded, replaced by something more sinister. â€Å"No, no,† I said hastily, recalling Jerome’s psychic slap, pinning me to the couch. â€Å"It wasn’t like that. It was more of a show of power that I caught the edge of. He wasn’t the one who hurt me. He’d never hurt me.† â€Å"Good. I’m still not happy about what happened in the alley, mind you, but I’ll have a little chat with the guilty party and make sure it never happens again. When I saw you that day, I had half a mind to take out all the immortals in the area. The thought of someone hurting you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Closer and closer he came to me. Hesitantly, he squeezed my arm. I didn’t know whether to recoil or reach out to him. I didn’t know how to reconcile my old attraction with this new terror. â€Å"You have no idea how much I care about you, Georgina.† â€Å"Then how†¦ in the alley – â€Å" Before I could follow that thought to completion, another suddenly poked its head up at Roman’s words. When I saw you that day. He had visited me the day after the attack, coming over while Carter investigated a nephilim signature. But that was impossible. I couldn’t remember where that particular signature had occurred, but it had not been close by. Roman could not have flashed Carter and then made it over to my apartment so quickly. Iknew noninterference was too much to ask for. I’ll have a little chat with the guilty party. I understood then why Roman felt he could take on Carter, why having less power than the angel would pose no concern. The realization sank into me like lead, heavy and cold. I’m not sure what look crossed my face, but Roman’s suddenly softened with compassion. â€Å"What’s the matter?† â€Å"How many?† I whispered to him. â€Å"How many what?† â€Å"How many nephilim are in the city?† How to cite Succubus Blues CHAPTER 22, Essay examples

E-Business Spinneys

Question: Discuss about theE-Businessfor Spinneys. Answer: Introduction An e-Business model is similar to that of other business models that helps to describe the functioning procedure of a company. It also helps to give the details about the products or services that are offered by the company. If customers are locked-in and the commodities are less responsive to price, then prices may be changed to a degree with fewer risk. However, with the help of market research all the changes need to check in advance. The e-business perception portray the underlying principle of the business, its goals and vision, and commodities or assistance from which it will earn proceeds (Spieth, Schneckenberg and Ricart 2014). Action Plan Spinneys E-Business Strategy The E-Business Strategies pertaining the E-Business Model and Business Plan of Spinneys is as follows: The virtual stores are mostly situated in the public areas, most frequently in subways and bus stops with elevated foot traffic and recurrent on an every day basis by tech-savvy customers. In that case, Spinneys requires to introduce a Homeplus application that will help the interested customers, as they will utilize their waiting time in bus stops as well as metro station. The opening of the virtual stores of Spinneys in the subways will help the company to increase their potential market (Al-Mudimigh 2015). The individuals will also be to use their Smartphone to scan the QR codes of the commodities that will be supplied by Spinneys. The posters in the virtual stores of Spinneys needs to be designed in such a way that it will look like the actual aisles and shelves of a regular Spinneys store. This will make the experience of the customers user-friendly. Spinneys need to store the scanned commodities in the online shopping basket of the customers. As reported, majority of the individuals place the online orders between 10 am and 5 pm when they are travelling from and to work (Ocasio and Radoynovska 2016). The company also requires to recognize its online value proposition. This will help Spinneys to define where its business sits in the marketplace amongst its competitors. This will help the company to enlarge its customer outreach in Dubai. They also need to merge their delicately tuned value proposition with better-quality transaction skills as well as comprehensive sourcing and access to capital to generate value for both the individuals and the shareholders. Providing value in an e-business makes the use of the similar approaches as providing importance in any business. With the help of value proposition, Spinneys will be able to focus on the well-being of the customers (Osterwalder et al. 2014). Pricing is another most important part of the e-business model that should be established based on market research. The company needs to set the price by keeping into consideration the prices that are set by its competitors. If Spinneys has a high fixed to variable cost, prices should be changed vigilantly. Spinneys Social Medial Marketing Campaign Social Medial Marketing Campaign explaining how social media outlets can be utilized to engage clients by Spinneys are as follows: Social media outlets will help to engage clients or customers as it will help to create a large amount of data about the customers in real time. Each day there are more than 500 million Tweets and 4.7 billion likes on Facebook that helps to gain a wealth of information about the customers. Through day-to-day active engagement as well as social listening, social media outlets will help to gather pertinent information about the customers as well as valuable customer insights. Social Media marketing campaign is an inexpensive method to promote the business and distribute content. It also provides powerful targeting choices in order to reach the right audience. If Spinneys operates an advertisement on Facebook, it will be able to target based on location, demographics, behaviors as well as connection (Hsu, Ray and Li-Hsieh 2014). Social media outlets will help to engage with the customers by increasing sales and customer retention with the help of regular communication as well as timely customer service (Tuten and Solomon 2014). It also helps to share content quicker and easier. In the past, the marketers usually faced challenges of ensuring their content reached customers in the shortest possible time. However, with the advancement in technology Spinneys will be able to share content about their trade by sharing the content on the social network account of the brand. Geo-targeting is one of the most effectual methods that help to send message out to a particular audience based on the location. Social media such as Twitter and Facebook allows the customers to converse the right kind of content to the customers (Burdette et al. 2013). Recommendation It can be recommended that the company should make use of social media outlet, as it will increase the sale by increasing the website traffic. The social media outlet will help to direct the individuals to their website that will raise the search ranking for the company. With the presence of social media, the customers will find it easier to get the details about the products that are sold by Spinneys. This will also help to increase the retention of the customers as well as brand loyalty. Conclusion It can be concluded that providing value in an e-business makes the use of the similar approaches as providing importance in any business. Spinneys require to recognize its online value proposition. This will help the company to define where its business sits in the marketplace amongst its competitors. They also need to combine their finely tuned value proposition with better-quality retailing skills as well as global sourcing to generate value for the customers. References Al-Mudimigh, A.S., 2015. E-business strategy in an online banking services: a case study. The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 2007. Burdette, J., Hebenstreit, J., Cabrera, R., Lee, C.J., Friedman, R. and Helsper, D., Digital Envoy, Inc., 2013. Method, computer program product and electronic device for hyper-local geo-targeting. U.S. Patent 8,443,107. Hsu, P.F., Ray, S. and Li-Hsieh, Y.Y., 2014. Examining cloud computing adoption intention, pricing mechanism, and deployment model. International Journal of Information Management, 34(4), pp.474-488. Ocasio, W. and Radoynovska, N., 2016. Strategy and commitments to institutional logics: Organizational heterogeneity in business models and governance. Strategic Organization, p.1476127015625040. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G. and Smith, A., 2014. Value proposition design: how to create products and services customers want. John Wiley Sons. Spieth, P., Schneckenberg, D. and Ricart, J.E., 2014. Business model innovationstate of the art and future challenges for the field. RD Management, 44(3), pp.237-247. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014. Social media marketing. Sage.

Women in the Workplace Abstract Essay Example

Women in the Workplace Abstract Paper Abstract Issue: Gender discrimination/tensions are still very prevalent in today’s â€Å"equal society. † Although many people believe gender discrimination is mostly a thing of the past, it is still existing as an invisible barrier in one of the most prominent areas of life: the workplace. This paper will discuss occupational sexism and it’s effects on American attitudes. In American popular culture, women are viewed as adorable and sweet, subjectively positive traits that suit them to hearth and home, but also as too emotional and insufficiently logical to accomplish the work of the world. I believe that although progression has been made toward overall gender equity, the battle is far from over and must continue. Purpose: By incorporating facts and statistics from varying sources such as the Wall Street Journal, I plan to show my audience that despite considerable progress over the last quarter century, women workers are still perceived as less competent than men. My goal is to raise awareness with hopes of providing a better understanding among my readers. Obstacle: I believe that the biggest obstacle that might interfere with my stated purpose is the unwillingness to change. Moreover, I feel that the male-dominated workplace will be unwilling to relinquish the reigns of the American jungle. The audience might not agree with my purpose for a few reasons. Some might feel that the progression made over this past quarter century is fine the way it is. Others might firmly believe that a woman’s place is in the home. There are many possible outlying reasons why my audience might not agree with my position. I feel that the research is adequate and continually growing, and is therefore not an issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Workplace Abstract specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Workplace Abstract specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Workplace Abstract specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Scope: In my research paper, I plan to write about: 1. Wage discrimination, systematic sex-based hiring and promotional practices. 2. Systematic sex-based hiring and promotional practices a. (i. e. when employers do not hire or promote a person who is otherwise apparently qualified for a job solely on the grounds that they are a woman or man) 3. Sexual harassment 4. The belief that certain occupational fields or types of jobs, particularly those that are degrading and/or low-paying, are womens work or those that are dangerous and/or hazardous are mens work

Apple Computer Inc. Marketing

Apple Computer Inc. Marketing Industry background Essentially, international trade is often a characteristic of the computer industry, rather than a mere contributing factor (Bardhan, Jaffee Kroll, 2004). Currently, even the smallest businesses have become active in marketing their products or services internationally. Personal computing has emerged to be the most important contributing factor to overseas labor employment due to production costs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Apple Computer Inc. Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The continued increase in productivity within the computing industry is steered by the continued advancements in technology. Efficiency and other achievements result from the ever changing technology for the better. Among the major product lines in the electronic industry are the computers which also form the core products of the electronic companies. However, Apple’s computers have lost significant de mand due to the limitations the company experiences from complementary products. Hewlett-Packard and Dell have continued to dominate the computer market with their products having a higher demand than other competitors. Compared to Apple, firms like Dell and HP are substantially bigger and provide substitute products which attract many consumers due to their compatibility. Sony, Samsung and LG have focused more on consumer electronics such as televisions, digital cameras, mobile phones, gaming consoles, DVD players and digital speakers. Company background Previously known as Apple Computer Inc, Apple store is a global company that produces computers, software and consumer electronics. Its major products are personal computers, iPhone, iPod, iPad and iTune Store. The company was established in 1976 by two electronic engineers, Wozniak and Jobs, who released the first computer called Apple 1. Since then, Apple store has dominated the personal computer market through innovative product s such as the Power Mac and Macintosh, but encountered marketing problems in the 90s. Through Steve Jobs, the firm seeded innovative technologies that led to the introduction of new products such as the iPhone, iPad and iTune music store. The company became the new market leader in consumer electronics with the latest success coming from a range of products including the iPod Touch, iTunes, the iPhone, and the iPad (Apple Inc., 2011). Presently, the company is the global leader in technology with revenue of $60 billion after overtaking Microsoft in terms of market capitalization in 2010.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sony was founded as a telecommunication engineering company by Akio, Masaru and Tamon in 1946 (Dogruer et al, 2001, p.4). The firm immediately adopted transistor technology to produce radios, home video recorders and microphones. Due to pressures fr om competition, Sony diversified beyond consumer electronics and started producing computer chips and computer peripherals. Later, the company entered the gaming machines after Nintendo became very successful in the industry. Due to rapid growth through mergers, Sony expanded to other major markets for consumer electronics such as Europe and America. So far, the company has focused on consumer electronics and in particular televisions, digital cameras and game machines. The company is also a major producer of personal computers and computer microchips. Product overview There are four major product segments that defines Sony’s portfolio. They include electronics, games, computers and pictures (Tang, Misra Shanholt, 2012, pp.16-18). The electronic product line consists of products like audio electronics, digital cameras, televisions and speakers. In this line, advanced technologies like Blu-ray and LCD technologies are the key differentiating factors. The games product line co nsists solely of the Play stations which are differentiated through enhanced technology that allow for superior graphics and increased computation power. The pictures category involves movies while the computer segment includes PCs, computer peripherals and computer microchips. Apple’s product and services segments involve a wide portfolio of Smartphone, personal computers, music store, book leaders and other applications. The key products and services include iPhone, iPad, iPod, Mac, software applications, televisions, iCloud, iOS and Mac OS (operating systems) as well as a variety of services, accessories and support services (USSEC, 2011, p.1). In addition, Apple tenders moderator products for instance iPhones, iPads, iPods, Mac and attuned merchandises as well as PC appliances, imprinter, amplifiers, storage devises and supercomputer peripherals. The firm also offers digital content and applications via the App Store, iBook Store, iTune Store and Mac App Store. Strategic marketing Strategic marketing is a process that allows a business to focus its limited resources on the greatest opportunities in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantages and thus increase sales (Baker, 2008). The focus of Sony strategy is to ensure that its products are of high quality and develop profitable and long-term loyalty with customers.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Apple Computer Inc. Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The corporate marketing strategy of the firm is to build awareness before launching a product. International market success depends on standardization/adaptation to local markets. Sonny standardized its products by manufacturing Japanese electronics and adapted local promotions campaigns to build awareness. Apple uses Apple brand as the competitive strength in the highly competitive market such as the PC industry with its Macintosh computers and associated software. Th e product strategy is to develop innovative products in line with a ‘digital hub’ strategy such that the firm’s products work as digital hub for other devices (Apple Inc.). The branding approach puts emphasis on sentiments such that the brand is about thoughts, routine, novelty, enthusiasm, dreams, autonomy and desires. Macro-environmental analysis Rivalry between competitors While an industry characterized by few large manufacturers and very expensive products hunts a niche audience, the evolution of personal computers has caused an explosion in the industry which currently includes dozens of companies pursuing millions of consumers across the globe. Due to the use of electronic equipments in day to day lives, the equipments are becoming more of commodities (Sony Corporation, 2010). For most consumers, economy is more important than performance specifications. This has forced many manufacturers to pursue best-cost and low-cost provider strategies. The companies in the middle range compete for consumers by offering various options at varying prices. The similarity of electronic products because of industry standard setting leads to competition in prices that squeeze margins and drive prices down. Moreover, technological development presents increased competition on the industry. Electronic products are becoming more and more sophisticated, efficient with less energy consumption. To hasten the situation, industry leaders like Apple, Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo have always kept to this pace. Supplier power Suppliers have significant influence over the manufacturers of electronic equipments. While many standards in the industry are open and made by collaborative or independent bodies like IEE, manufacturers also depend on standards owned privately. Often, the technology requires entrance or must be licensed to a paid-membership group. Additionally, the virtual concentration of suppliers puts some pressure on competitors.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For personal computers, Sony outsources central processing units from Intel. Thus, incompatibility in design does not allow the company to switch to other suppliers. However, microchip manufacturers are not present in computer manufacturing business and hence rely on computer manufacturers for their business. As a result discounts are placed on exclusivity agreements and bulk purchasing thus lessening some pressure from suppliers. Buyer power As in all businesses, customers have the last say and apply considerable leverage over manufacturers. The various buyers with many but differing needs impact manufacturers of electronics directly since they must react and adapt by offering extensive product-lines. The notable characteristic between power user looking for the ‘greatest and latest’ and average user needing a product which is ‘just good enough’ presents an obstacle to manufacturers focusing on tapping the many customers possible. Manufacturers benefit fro m the wide use and acceptance of electronic products causing high demand for the products. Brand loyalty and proprietary systems are used to maintain customers. Threat of potential entrants Many avenues through which new entrants can enter the electronic market exist; however several hindrances may prevent the entrance. The current market is characterized by well entrenched players who have significant brand loyalty and recognition including Sony, Microsoft, Apple, Samsung and LG among others (Sony Corporation, 2010). Thus developing a successful brand in the presence of such players is difficult. They also keep costs down and dominate with economies of scale that cannot be achieved easily by a new entrant unless a substantial capital is invested. Despite these obstacles, new entrants may still come from newly instituted lean organizations which depend on third party OEM (original equipment manufacturers) for production. This trend is increasing in popularity bringing companies such as Acer Inc. into competition with industry giants. Threat of substitutes The technology sector has substantially grown with the introduction of alternatives such as televisions, game consoles, Smartphone, virtual music stores and personal computers. There are now feature-rich smart phones and PDAs in an average living room. Such developments have resulted in consumers focusing their â€Å"technology money† away from computers, televisions, radios and game consoles. However, despite the focus it is not likely that smart phones will diminish the importance of other products significantly. The only thing that the substitutes have influenced is elimination of monopoly in the electronic market. Micro-environmental analysis Apple and Sony are leaders in the electronic industry but market their products in the same markets. The firms are probably influenced by the same micro-environmental factors. They are expected to respond to the dynamics of both individualistic cultures of the west and collective cultures of the east. This is probably achieved by creating organizational cultures that support both team work and individual efforts in the respective areas of operations. As the firms become increasingly global, Du Plessis and Beaver (2008) insist on the need to develop an effective International Human Resource Management (IHRM) in order to respond to labor sourcing and expatriation issues. Consumers are also becoming more sensitive to prices and quality hence compelling Apple and Sony to be more responsive through effective quality control systems. Involvement in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is also a strategy that Apple and Sony are using to improve their relationship with consumers. SWOT analysis Sony SWOT analysis Strength Mature value chain Strong brand name Intellectual property holding Weaknesses Weak financials Lack of focus Conservative management Opportunities New Chief Executive Officer Economic recovery Industry integration Threats Stiff competition Macro-economic factors Partnership Apple SWOT analysis Strengths Global presence Strong brand image Synergistic portfolio Strong media content Weaknesses Low returns Labor issues Dependency for key components Opportunities Wireless product New digital platform MP3 player market Threats Strong competition Slow Euro-zone economy Lawsuits Market segmentation Sony Corporation segments its market in three divisions namely the consumer, professional and devices segment, networked products and services segment and financial services segment. Televisions lead in the first segments while game and PCs lead in the second segment. Sony Corporation has also segmented its markets according to geographic regions. These regions include Europe, America, Asian-Pacific, Africa and Latin America. For the Asian-Pacific, European and American markets, the firm markets its major product categories including household electronics, computer hardware and software, computer micr ochips, mobile phones and gaming consoles. For the rest of the markets, the firm markets only its household electronic goods and computer hardware. For several years, Apple has identified four major segments within its customer profile including business, education, creative professionals and high-end consumers. At the turn of the millennium, the company’s core product strengths were in the product segments of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Desktop Publishing (DTP) (Ashcroft, 2011, p.5). By the end of 2010, the situation turned upside down. The core product strengths were now the Personal computers, Smartphone, book readers, iTune store and applications. Market segments widened to include households, celebrities and sports fanatics. All these segments are continuously pursuing whatever information technology offers to their careers and lifestyles. Target markets Apple store sell its products to a wider range of markets and across many parts of the world. The company uses ret ail stores and online sites, to offer its goods and third party goods to the consumer and business segments. Apple has invested in programs that promote reseller sales such as the ASCP which focuses on certain reseller locations and APRP which provide expertise in products and customer service (USSEC, 2009). In addition, the company offers its computer products in the government, business and creative markets within its locations. The markets are particularly crucial to third party developers of computer applications and hardware that are compatible with Apple’s computers. The superior expansion and computing performance of Apple products are the major attractions for consumers within this market. Moreover, Apple offers its computer products to customers in scientific market as well as information technology markets. Positioning strategy Through product differentiation, Sony is positioned as the most convenient, quality-focused, value-added and technological producer of consu mer electronics goods. The focus of Sony strategy is to ensure that its products are of high quality and develop profitable and long-term loyalty with customers. Indeed, this positioning strategy has enabled the company to sell its products at premium prices even in primitive markets in Africa. The corporate marketing strategy of Sony is to build awareness before launching a product. International market success depends on adaptation to local markets. Sonny standardized its products by manufacturing Japanese electronics and adapted local promotions campaigns to build awareness. The success of Apple Company has been credited to its effort in innovating new products. In fact, while many companies experienced decreased revenues during the depression period, Apple continued to increase its revenues throughout. Up to date, the company has invested generously in innovative development of its products. Apple has continually put innovation ahead of all its plans and strategies. This can be witnessed in the current wave of touch screen technology in most of its devices. They have come up with not only iPhones, iPods and iPads with touch screens, but laptops with no keyboards (Apple Inc.). These laptops use a very unique technology in which a user can complete computer tasks like printing or typing with just a few spins of a disc. However, this is not the only new innovation; just recently the company released the world thinnest laptop challenging all of its competitors. The Macbook Air is so thin that it can fit inside an envelope. For the last several years, the company has surprised the market with new innovations starting from its iPhone, iPad, ipod, laptops, desktops, iTunes, and the recent Macbook. This is a clear indication that innovation is the core positioning strategy for Apple. Recommendation The changing consumer trends and market shifts are requiring many companies to institute strategies that will respond to these dynamics and ensure that the firms achiev e competitive advantages. Among the trickiest industry is the electronic industry which is characterized by big firms that are swift in responding to the marketing changes. In this industry, Apple Inc. and Sony Corporation can only adopt the best-cost strategy to increase their competitive advantages since consumers are increasingly becoming price sensitive and many competitors are pursuing low-cost strategies. This strategy demands the integration of developmental and marketing plans which focus on the best value while reducing the prices of products. Within this strategy, the firms should retool their products to attract a wider range of consumer segments while maintaining low prices for the majority low income earners. Avoiding unexpected risks such as those from natural calamities is important. Therefore, the firms should include stakeholders such as OEM partners to distribute the impacts caused by such calamities. But the best way for the companies to position themselves better in the marketplace is to stay ahead in terms of price and quality. Reference List Apple Inc, The new, faster MacBook Air. Web. Ashcroft, J 2011, Apple Inc. The case study 2000-2010. Web. Baker, M 2008, The Strategic marketing plan. Cambridge Strategic Publications Limited, London. Bardhan, A, Jaffee, D Kroll C 2004, Globalization and a high-tech economy: California, the United States and beyond. Springer, New York. Dogruer, B, Ferzly, M, Nguyen, H, Roach, D Ward, R 2001, Report on Sony Corporation. Web. Du Plessis, A J Beaver, B 2008, â€Å"The changing role of human resource managers for international assignments.† International Review of Business Research Papers, vol.4 no.5, pp.166-181. Sony Corporation 2010, Annual Report 2009. Web. Tang, H, Misra, R Shanholt, E 2012, Sony Corporation. Web. USSEC 2009, Form 10-K: Apple Inc. Web. USSEC 2011, Form 10-K. Web.

Can We Define Art

Can we define art? Of course we can define art. According to dictionary, art Is the quality, production, expression, or realm of what is beautiful appealing or of more than ordinary significance. But in the eye of some artist included Morris Welts, they believe art Is undefined for many reason. According to Morris Weitz, he point out a few theories of art and argues in his article The Role of Theory in Aesthetics, that they are lacking to the extent that they cannot satisfactorily cover all of the range of things we would like to consider artworks. In addition, they dont accurately capture the concept of art. Weitz argues that where previous theories go wrong Is in their attempts to establish a set of necessary and sufficient condition of art, when in fact what we should do Is ask about art the concept. Once this concept Is understood, he argues that it will make clear the logical impossibility of defining art in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. Furthermore, Weitzs main argument for why theories of art fail comes from his application of Wittgensteins thoughts about language. pecifically the word game. o art. In fact, according to Wittgenstein, he highlighted the difficulty of defining the word games, he said let us consider what we call games: I mean board-games, card-games, ball-games, Olympic Games, and so on. What is common to them all? Dont say: there must be something common to all. For if you look at them you will not see something that common to all, but similarities. relationships. and a whole series of them at that . He was showing there is no one common feature to all games. And the word games cannot be simply defined; he argues that games have amily resemblances to each other. Some games resemble other games in some respects; there is no more to it, no necessary and sufficient condition. In addition, Weitz argues, this same resemblance principle may apply to art. The problem of the nature of art is like that of the nature of games, at least in these respects: If we actually look and see what it Is that we call art, we will also find no common properties only strands of similarities. He also said, The basic resemblance between these concepts is their open texture. In elucidation them certain cases can e given, about which there can be no question as to their being correctly described as art or game but no exhaustive set of cases can be given. Art is an open concept. Its nature Is such that new cases will constantly arise which will require a decision on the part of those interested on whether to extend the concept to include the new cases. He said that the expansive, changing and creauve nature of art would make defining properties or closure of the concept logically impossible. It is for this reason that he claims previous attempts at defining art have been in vain. Weitzs houghts we may actually find ourselves closer to arts definition. And Weitz says: What I am arguing, then, is that the very expansive, adventurous character of art, its ever-present changes and novel creations, make It logically Impossible to ensure any set of defining properties. It means is that If you were to take a wide range of instances of artworks, there would be no one feature common to them all. However, they are all the common concept products, namely one that is expansive and adventurous. Its necessary, so for a work of art to embody this creativity at least to Of2 human mind product that possesses this concept. In addition, objects in nature arent made by someone with art concept as unbound, adventurous creativity; they also arent creation from a concept in a human mind, furthermore, their existence is independent of human intellect or observation. For example, mountain, trees, flowers and something like that arent works of art. For more information, whoever is producing the object; they wont be doing as an exercise of creativity and unbound expression and so is not necessarily producing the object with an artistic conception in mind. For example, it is not necessary to have a concept of art in mind when creating a map or a floor plan or a scale model. As Weitz claimed, artworks can be differentiated from non-artworks is a hint that perhaps attempting to define art is not quite such a vain pursuit. Furthermore, I do not think defining and elucidation of the concept are different tasks as Weitz would have us believe. If a given artwork has art the concept behind it then this appears to suffice as a necessary condition for its being a work of art. Which leads me to believe the word art may be defined by the oncept behind its instances. A relevant comment on this approach is the response that, in allowing art to be defined by the concept behind it, anyone may place or point to some object or mark and proclaim; that is art. For example a piece of paper scrunched up and thrown on the floor, or an everyday object bizarrely placed may be declared art. My response to this is that in proclaiming such objects as art the proclaimed is correctly commenting on and employing the concept of art previously established. An attempt at challenging previous artistic convention does not onstitute creation outside of art the concept. Furthermore, I would like to extend the set of non-artworks to contain all things that exist, in their current state, independently of intervention by a person with artistic intent. In short, to declare an object an artwork is not enough for the declaration to be true. Since it would have existed and continues to exist in its current state regardless. This I feel is analogous to why objects in nature are not artworks. In conclusion, I feel Weitzs comment on the nature of art are important, but as opposed to leading to the conclusion that art s undefined. In fact, it gets us well on the way to a definition free from the problems faced by previous theories. Weitz is happy to be very specific in his description of the concept of art, which I have argued allows us to rule out many things as non- artworks. By considering the differences in artworks and non-artworks, we can see that where something is a work of art, the artistic concept has been present in a human intellect, which has conceived and created the piece. Non-artworks exist in their current state independently of any such concept.

Life is like mountain climbing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life is like mountain climbing - Essay Example The air and the atmosphere is equally beautiful and enriching. The overall experience has enabled me interacting and coming across new people and getting to exchange views on various topics. People from all walks of life head there. Even the elders head there and show their resolve to valuing the natural beauty. The mountain ranges have short term stay points in there and I resort to them during my hiking experience every time I get tired. Finally when I reach the top of the mountain, it is one real soothing experience and it gives a panoramic view of the surroundings and everything appears so small yet so beautiful. The very scene reminds me of the old time adage which states that "When you get to the very top of the mountain, all the other hills will be smaller". At this point, one feels a sense of accomplishment and acknowledgement altogether. During the nice experience I often come across the individuals who give up on the initial hard work that is attached to it. The overall experience of climbing through the mountains can be correlated to that of life observation and experiences. It tells of how different processes are undertaken such as educational pursuit, individual struggle, overcoming negativity and various other similar facets of life. Life, like the mountain is a constant challenge and a up way directed concept. Just as those people who give up on hope, cannot climb the mountains, the same way, the people in life who do not brace up the challenges and hardships cannot go on. This struggle and this activity in itself is the beauty of life and living. Those people who show courage overcome the obstacles such as surmounting the mountains. It is through this self believe that people overcome the challenges of life. This courage enables them overcoming all the obstacles and challenges faced by them. Those people who through their hard work make it to the mountains and through the obstacles of life make full use of their time, their energy and also

Discuss the potential role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of Essay - 1

Discuss the potential role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of inflammatory diseases - Essay Example Human beings require polyunsaturated fatty acids for survival. This may come in the form of Omega 3 or Omega 6. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and Omega 6 fatty acids often compete with one another in the body even though Omega 3 has more beneficial health benefits than the latter. Most western diets contain more Omega 6 fatty acids than Omega 3. It is for this reason that when compared to their Eastern counterparts, Westerners have high incidences of inflammatory disorders. Eskimos have little to no reports of autoimmune and inflammation-related disorders owing to their omega 3- rich diet. The latter community consumes plenty of sea food, which is a reliable source of Omega 3. The western diet currently lacks stipulated levels of omega 3. Most of it is dominated by omega 6 in ratios of 15 to 1 instead of 1:1 (Simopoulos, 2006). Evolution necessitates a relatively high amount of omega 3 in the diet but commercial and cultural patterns contradict this pattern. Omega 3 works to reduce inflammation in the body through a series of actions. As a soon a person takes fish or eats fish, the EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid- an Omega 3 PUFA) minimises the release of prostaglandin metabolites. It also reduces the level of strong platelet aggregators in the blood. This causes the minimisation of leukotreine, which induces inflammation in the body. Furthermore, the acid also works by increasing the level of weak platelet aggregators (Simopoulos, 2006). Once a person increases their consumption of fish oil, they tend to report decreased levels of cholesterol as well as low amounts of triglycerides. These confer anti-inflammatory benefits to the host. EPAs in the body work to replace omega 6 acid in all cells of the body. However, particular attention is given to liver cells, monocytes, erythrocytes, neutrophils and platelets. Cell

Support Individuals in Eating and Drinking Essay Example for Free

Support Individuals in Eating and Drinking Essay 1. 3 Describe ways to resolve any difficulties or dilemmas about the choice of food and drink A resident at our care home is diabetic, so some foods are different to others as it has small sugar content. When bringing out puddings after dinner staff usually do diabetics first then everyone elses. However, the individual expressed her feelings and shared that she was fed up of having the diabetic pudding as she felt different to everyone else. Staff explained that she needed this pudding as she has diabetes but the resident didn’t care and wanted the same. So staff had a deep conversation with the resident trying to come up with an idea to make sure she was happy and suggested bringing her pudding out at the same time as everyone else so then she wouldn’t feel different. She was happy with this idea and had her pudding at the same time as others. Line manager was informed. 1. 4 Describe how and when to seek additional guidance about an individual’s choice of food and drink When I need additional guidance on an indivudla’s choice of food and drink I speak to the other care staff, senior carers or if needs be the manager. For example, a resident has his family to bring in his favourite biscuits for mid-morning tea, however on one occasion he ran out and didn’t like any others that staff offered him. At the care home there is a large variety of biscuits but the individual only likes the ones his family bring. We did not want him missing out and being unhappy, so senior staff and manager was informed and had a meeting on how to stop this issue happening again. We suggested that we could keep emergency biscuits for him in the pantry so if he runs out again, we will have some and he won’t miss out. His family was informed and thought the idea was great. 2. 1 Identify the level and type of support an individual requires when eating and drinking All service user’ need different support when eating and drinking depending on whether they are able to do it on their own or with assistance. Some residents are able to have an ordinary meal and eat well without any support. Others may need their food to be liquidised because they struggle chewing on solid foods however they are able to eat by themselves. Then other individual’s need full support when eating and drinking because they may not be able to move arms to eat and drink, or because they need encouragement in eating and drinking. When residents need full support it is important to have patience with them eating, and encourage them as much as possible to have as much as they can. If the individual refuses food then pushing fluids is extra important. 3. 1 Describe factors that help promote an individual’s dignity, comfort and enjoyment while eating and drinking When residents are eating and drinking I make sure the individual is sat upright and in a comfortable position to avoid choking. To promote their dignity I place a napkin on their clothing so if food or drink is spilt it doesn’t go on their clothes and it can just be removed. I also have one spare on the table so I am able to assist them wiping their mouths and fingers when needs be. Promoting enjoyment whilst eating and drinking includes many factors to consider, like making sure they have been toileted before meal times so they feel comfortable when eating and drinking. Also giving the resident choice on where they have their dinner, trying to encourage sitting with others to socialise but giving the choice as they might have days they wish to be on their own. Also the way the meal is presented with bright colours (vegetables), for it to be hot and looks tasty to promote them enjoying the food. 4. 1 Explain why it is important to be sure that an individual has chosen to finish eating and drinking before clearing away It is very important for individual’s to eat and drink as much as they are able to manage. When clearing away dishes, you cannot just take the plate away when there is food still left. You need to encourage the individual as much as you can for them to eat, however you cannot force them they have rights to not eat. But it is still important to encourage them as much as possible, and push fluids. Not only is it important for them to eat as much as possible but it shows them respect and that they do not have to rush their food, so they can feel relaxed and take their time. 5. 1 Explain the importance of monitoring food and drink an individual consumes and any difficulties they encounter It is important to monitor the food and drink intake of an individual as it can show whether they are having enough or even too much food or drink, whether it can lead to dehydration or if they have lost or gained weight. It is also important that the individuals are receiving the correct nutrition in their care and they are getting the goodness they need. If due to health issues the individual is struggling to eat, this needs to be recorded and other suggestions need to be put in place to resolve this. For example, if a resident’s suffering tooth ache and they are unable to chew their food to eat. In this case we could liquidise their food whilst they have toothache to enable them on eating.

1984 and Today’s Society Essay -- English Literature

1984 and Today’s Society Though 1984 was written well before the year 1984 and it is now 2005, there are many similarities between the book and today’s society. Relationships of all kind have less value, the government watches one’s every move (or at least has the capability to), and large groups of people are influenced to believe opinions at school due to the government. The government has regulations and records on everything and everybody. George Orwell may not have been very far from predicting the truth when writing 1984 in 1948. In the United States today, anywhere from something as harmless as television shows to the government itself promotes less sanctity of a loving family much like 1984. In the book, children went to school and were trained to be spies and turn adults into the thought police. Parsons (Winston’s comrade and neighbor) was turned in by his own children. He had committed a â€Å"thought crimeâ€Å". This shows what little respect the children in the book had for their parents, and the baffling effect was the parents getting use to and accepting it. Parsons had told Winston that he’s actually kind of proud of his child. â€Å"Big Brother† discouraged emotions and anything with meaning in families. Children are raised today with households based on financial support, affairs, and anything but real love. Children are taught that divorce is okay, and the value of marriages has greatly decreased. â€Å"Till death do us part† may now really mean â€Å"Till death do us part or if you can’t work out any problems and do things my way†. In 1984, Winston â€Å"separated† with his wife Katherine. By law he could not get married again unless Katherine died but this was strictly to discourage love and sexual relationshi... ...the schools contradict information the children is given from the parents. The theory of evolution for example, has been taught as a theory and not creation. Parents may not spend much time teaching their children about creation and the child has only the school’s information to turn to. Sex education being another excellent example, students in high school are taught to have â€Å"safe sex† instead of no sex at all. This may also contradict parents and their teachings. With relationships downplayed, the government having access to one’s private life and their children, George Orwell was very correct about the future of society and humans alike. Though the book was rather intense when it came to the outcomes, Orwell described a world of the government brainwashing the people. Much of society does not realize what is going on or think it is a negative effect.

Conceptual Framework & Ethical Dispositions

| The Association of American Educators' (AAE) four principles of ethical teachers and GCU's Teacher Candidate | |Proficiencies/Professional Dispositions of the Conceptual Framework are very similar. The purpose of seven of the principles and proficiencies | |that overlap are High Expectations Respect for the Diversity of Others Fairness Professional Conduct Reflection Curiosity Honesty Compassion | |Advocacy Dedication. | |Principle I of The Association of American Educators' four principles of ethical teachers is Ethical Conduct Toward Students. Listed within that| |section are the following numbered points: | |2. The professional educator does not intentionally expose the student to disparagement. | |4. The professional educator makes a constructive effort to protect the student from conditions detrimental to learning, health, or safety. | |These two items would serve the same purpose as the Advocacy professional disposition expected by GCU. Educators are expected to be student | |advocates because in many cases we are the only voice a student may have. It is oftentimes that a teacher must, in a certain capacity, act as | |the students parent and assist in resolving issues that are fair and just to the student. Fairness, one of the many proficiencies GCU expects is| |quite reminiscent of the remaining items within Principle I: Ethical Conduct Towards Students. The remaining items are: | |1. The professional educator deals considerately and justly with each student, and seeks to resolve problems, including discipline, according | |to law and school policy. |3. The professional educator does not reveal confidential information concerning students, unless required by law. | |5. The professional educator endeavors to present facts without distortion, bias, or personal prejudice. | |The purpose of these expectations is to ensure the equal treatment of all of the students. We have all heard the stories of â€Å"teachers pets. | |These expectations are to prevent a teacher from manifesting personal feelings for a student into unfair advan tages during certain situations. |PRINCIPLE II:   Ethical Conduct toward Practices and Performance within AAE's document includes the following: | |1. The professional educator applies for, accepts, or assigns a position or a responsibility on the basis of professional qualifications, and | |adheres to the terms of a contract or appointment. | |3. The professional educator continues professional growth. | |These sub-principals serve the same purpose as Dedication within GCU's dispositions. As an educator the worst thing we can do as an educator is | |to stop growing; professionally or spiritually. When I decided to be an educator I chose to be the best educator I could possibly be. We are | |expected to be the best for our students. | |All of the principles and proficiencies within The Association of American Educators' (AAE) four principles of ethical teachers and GCU's Teacher| |Candidate Proficiencies/Professional Dispositions of the Conceptual Framework are necessary. These are expected of us as educators because they | |are critical in nurturing our students to be the best they can be. | | |

Vpn with Ipsec

1. Abstract The goal of VPNs is to provide a cost-effective and secure way to connect business to one another and remote workers to office networks. Network Security Protocols encompasses the basis for safe & reliable data transfer. These security devices should be able to provide accountability, access control, confidentiality, integrity, while all the time being cost effective. This provides us with different security protocols related to the transfer of data through a network.With a prevalent system of networks the frontier for world data communication, it is absolutely critical to be able to have these protocols provide the most secure service possible. In this report technical review IPSec protocol involved with Network Security. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) It is a suite of protocol for securing IP communications by authentication and encryption of each IP packet of a communication session. IPSec also includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agent s at the beginning of the session and negotiating cryptography keys which is to be used during the session.IPSec is an end to end security scheme operating in the Layer of Internet of the IP suite. It can be used in protecting data flows between a pair of hosts, between a pair of security gateways, or between a security gateway and a host. 2. Introduction to VPN A VPN is a virtual private network, which is built on top of existing physical network that can provide a secure communication mechanism for data and other information transmitted between networks. Because VPN can be used over existing networks, such as the Internet, it can facilitate the secure transfer of sensitive data across public networks.This is often less expensive than alternatives such as dedicated private telecommunications lines between organizations or branch offices. VPNs can also provide flexible solutions, such as securing communications between remote telecommuters and the organization’s servers, rega rdless of where the telecommuters are located. A VPN can even be established within a single network to protect particularly sensitive communications from other parties on the same network. It is important to understand that VPNs do not remove all risk from networking.While VPNs can greatly reduce risk, particularly for communications that occur over public networks, they cannot remove all risk for such communications. One problem is the strength of the implementation. For example, flaws in an encryption algorithm or the software implementing the algorithm could allow attackers to decrypt intercepted traffic; random number generators that do not produce sufficiently random values could provide additional attack possibilities. Another issue is encryption key disclosure; an attacker who discovers a key could not only decrypt traffic but potentially also poses as a legitimate user.Another area of risk involves availability. A common model for information assurance is based on the conce pts of confidential, integrity, and availability. Although VPNs are designed to support confidentiality and integrity, they generally do not improve availability, the ability for authorized users to access systems as needed. In fact, many VPN implementations actually tend to decrease availability somewhat, because they add more components and services to the existing network infrastructure. This is highly dependent upon the chosen VPN architecture model and the details of the implementation. 3. 1 VPN TechnologiesThe Internet is a shared public network of networks with open transmission protocols. Therefore, VPNs must include measures for packet encapsulation (tunneling), encryption, and authentication to ensure that sensitive data reaches its destination without modifying by unauthorized parties. Fig: IP Packet 2. 2 Tunnels The thing that makes a Virtual Private Network â€Å"virtually private† is known as tunnel. Even though you access your network via Internet, you’r e not really â€Å"on† the Internet, you are actually â€Å"on† your company network. Although the term â€Å"tunnel† feels like it’s describing a fixed path through the Internet, this is not the case.As with any Internet traffic, VPN tunnel packets may take different paths between the two endpoints. 2. 3 Encryption Encryption is a technique for scrambling and unscrambling information. The information which is unscrambled is called clear-text, and the information which is scrambled is called cipher-text. At either end of your VPN tunnel sits a VPN gateway in hardware of software form. The gateway at sending location encrypts the information into cipher text before sending the encrypted information through the tunnel over the Internet. The VPN gateway at receiving location decrypts the information back into clear-text. . 4 Keys A key is the secret code that the encryption algorithm uses to create a unique version of cipher-text. To put it in simpler terms, two people might go to the hardware store and buy the same lock off the shelf, but their combinations are different. In VPN encryption, the method may be the same (like the lock), but our keys are different (like the combination). Of course, VPN locks have a lot more than three numbers on the dial combination. As a matter of fact, transmission security strength depends on the length of the keys which you use. Here’s the formula: 8-bit keys = 256 combinations or two to the eighth power (28) †¢ 16-bit keys = 65,536 combinations or two to the 16th power (216) †¢ 56-bit keys = 72,057,594,037,927,900 or two to the 56th power (256) †¢ And so on†¦ In other words, if you used a 16-bit key, a fake attacker might have to make 65,536 attempts at cracking your combination. Obviously, this would be a quick and simple task for computers. That’s why a lot of VPN products on the market today are using 168-bit keys, creating 374,144, 419,156,711,000,000,000,000,000 ,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Possible combinations.There are some enterprises out there going even higher. Even the fastest computers today would need extended time to crack a code that is complex. You might be tempted to make a policy of always using the highest-bit encryption method available, but keep in mind that processing such complicated cipher-text will require significant, dedicated CPU processing power. There are other ways to use keys to the outmost security to fit your needs. For example, it does, indeed, take time to crack the higher-bit keys. If you establish a policy of periodically changing your keys, the trespassers won’t be able to keep up. . 4. 1 Symmetrical Keys Symmetrical keys means the same key is used at each end of the tunnel to encrypt and decrypt information. Because a symmetrical key is being shared by both parties, there must be an understanding between the two to take appropriate steps to keep the key secret, which is why symmetrical keys are oft en referred to as â€Å"shared secrets. † These keys become more difficult to distribute, since they must be kept confidential. A technique called â€Å"key splitting† may be employed to reduce the potential of key disclosure during transit.This allows participants to use public channels such as the Internet. More commonly, however, distribution of symmetrical keys is more of a manual operation using paper, removable media, or hardware docking. 2. 4. 2 Asymmetrical Keys Asymmetrical keys are slightly more complicated, but, logistically, much easier to manage. Asymmetrical keys allow information to be encrypted with one key and decrypted with a different key. The two keys used in this scenario are referred to as private and public keys, or the ones you keep to yourself and the ones you distribute to your remote users.Consider this example: Let’s call our business FQT and HIQT. FQT has a set of two keys, a public key and a private key. His public key has been prog rammed to encrypt data so that only his own private key can decipher it. In order to communicate securely, FQT hands his public key to HIQT and tells him to encrypt anything he sends with that code. Using this asymmetrical keying method, both are assured that only FQT will be able to read those transmissions because he retains the private decoder key. If the communication is to be bi-directional, HIQT would share his public key with FQT in the same manner. . 5 Key Management Configuring pre-shared secrets in smaller VPNs does not necessarily require software automation or large infrastructure investments. However, larger networks might benefit from deploying a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to create, distribute, and track digital certificates on individual-user basis. You can use pre-shared keys or digital signatures if your equipment supports these authentication alternatives. However, if you decide to use certificates, there are options. For example, you may use third-party Cert ificate Authority services.Or, you may build your own Certificate Authority using software from Entrust, Xcert, or Baltimore Technologies. Either option will help you establish a comprehensive PKI, which is especially useful in large organizations needed to extend secure, limited network access beyond their own internal users to business partners and customers. 2. 6 Authentication The last bit of housekeeping involved in VPN transmission is authentication. At this step, recipients of data can determine if the sender is really who he says he is (User/System Authentication) and if the data was redirected or corrupted enroute (Data Authentication). . 6. 1 User/System Authentication Consider, again, our two business named FQT and HIQT. When FQT receives a message signed from HIQT, FQT picks a random number and encrypts it using a key which only HIQT should be able to decode. HIQT then decrypts the random number and re-encrypts it using a key only QT should be able to decode. When FQT ge ts his number back, he can be assured it is really IQT on the other end. 2. 6. 2 Data Authentication In order to verify that data packets have arrived unaltered, VPN systems often use a technique involving â€Å"hash functions. A hash function creates a sort of fingerprint of the original data. It calculates a unique number, called a hash, based on fixed or variable length values of unique bit strings. The sender attaches the number to the data packet before the encryption step. When the recipient receives the data and decrypts it, he can calculate his own hash independently. The output of his calculation is compared to the stored value appended by the sender. If the two hashes do not match, the recipient can be able to assume the data has been altered. 3.VPN Protocols used for tunneling 3. 1 IPSec IPSec is a standard for secure encrypted communication that provides two security methods: Authenticated Headers (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). AH is used to authenticate packets, whereas ESP encrypts the data portion of packets. It can work in two different modes: transport mode and tunnel mode. IPSec is commonly combined with IKE as a means of using public key cryptography to encrypt data between LANs or between a client and a LAN. IKE provides for the exchange of public and private keys. 3. 2 PPPIn networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is commonly used in establishing a direct connection between two networking nodes. It can provide connection authentication, transmission encryption, and compression. 3. 3 L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is an extension of the long protocol used to establish dial-up connections on the Internet, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). L2TP uses IPSec rather than MPPE to encrypt data sent over PPP. 3. 4 PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is commonly used by remote users who need to connect to a network using a dial-in connection of modem.PPTP uses Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE) to encrypt data that passes between the remote computer and the remote access server. 3 Technical Review of IPSec over VPN 4. 1 IPSec IPSec is the Internet standard protocol for tunneling, encryption, and authentication. It was designed to protect network traffic by addressing basic usage issues including:- †¢ Access control †¢ Connection integrity †¢ Authentication of data origin †¢ Protection against replays †¢ Traffic flow confidentiality The IPSec protocol allows two operational modes.In Transport mode, everything behind the packet and not including the IP header is protected. In Tunnel mode, everything behind and including the header is protected, requiring a new pseudo IP header. While the IPSec protocol was under development, two other protocols — L2TP and PPTP used as temporary solutions. L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) encloses non-Internet protocols such as IPX, SNA, and AppleTalk inside an IP envelope. However, L2TP has to rely on other protocols f or encryption functions. PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) is a proprietary Microsoft encryption and authentication protocol.Although originally developed as a temporary solution, Microsoft continues to deploy L2TP as its tunneling protocol instead of IPSec tunneling. When comparing the three, IPSec is, the most widely used protocol, and the only one that addresses future VPN environments (such as new IP protocols). 4. 1. 2 IPSec Architecture The architecture of the IPSec implementation refers to the selection of device and software to provide IPSec services and the placement of IPSec endpoints within the existing network infrastructure.These two considerations are often closely tied together; For example, a decision could be made to use the existing Internet firewall as the IPSec gateway. This section will explore three particular aspects of IPSec architecture:- gateway placement, IPSec client software for hosts, and host address space management. Fig: Gateway-to-Gateway VPN for Remote Office Connectivity 4. 1. 3 IPSec Functions Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) has emerged as the most commonly used network layer security control for protecting communications. IPSec is a framework of open standards for ensuring private communications over IP networks.Depending on how IPSec is implemented and configured, it can provide any combination of the following types of protection: Confidentiality. IPSec can ensure that data cannot be read by unknown parties. This is accomplished by encrypting data using a cryptographic algorithm and a secret key. A value known only to the two parties exchanging data. The data can only be decrypted by someone who has the secret key. Integrity. IPSec can determine if data has been changed (intentionally or unintentionally) during transit. The integrity of data can be assured by enerating a message authentication code (MAC) value, which is a cryptographic checking sum of the data. If the data is altered and the MAC is recalculated , the old and new MACs will be different. Peer Authentication. Each IPSec endpoint confirms the identity of the other IPSec endpoint with which it wishes to communicate, ensuring that the network traffic and data is being sent from the expected host. Replay Protection. The same data is not delivered multiple times, and data is not delivered grossly out of order. However, IPSec does not ensure that data is delivered in the exact order in which it is sent.Traffic Analysis and Protection. A person monitoring network traffic does not know which parties are communicating, how often communications are occurring, or how much data is being exchanged. However, the number of packets being exchanged can be counted. Access Control. IPSec endpoints can perform filtering to ensure that only authorized IPSec users can access particular network resources. IPSec endpoints can also allow or block certain types of network traffic, such as allowing Web server access but denying file sharing. 4. 1. 4 IP Sec FundamentalsIPSec is a collection of protocols that assist in protecting communications over IP networks. IPSec protocols work together in various combinations to provide protection for communications. The three primary components of the IPSec protocol that provides the protections for the communication are ESP, AH and IKE. Encapsulating security Payload (ESP) ESP is the second core IPSec security protocol. In the initial version of IPSec, ESP provided only encryption for packet payload data. It can perform authentication to provide integrity protection, although not for the outermost IP header.Also, ESP. s encryption can be disabled through the Null ESP Encryption Algorithm. Therefore, in all but the oldest IPSec implementations, ESP can be used to provide only encryption; encryption and integrity protection; or only integrity protection Authentication Header (AH) AH, one of the IPSec security protocols provides integrity protection for packet headers and data, as well as user authentication. It can optionally provide replay protection and access protection. AH cannot encrypt any portion of packets.In the initial version of IPSec, the ESP protocol could provide only encryption, not authentication, so AH and ESP were often used together to provide both confidentiality and integrity protection for communications. Because authentication capabilities were added to ESP in the second version of IPSec AH has become less significant; in fact, some IPSec software no longer supports AH. However, AH is still valuable because AH can authenticate portions of packets that ESP cannot. Internet Key Exchange (IKE) The purpose of the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol is to negotiate, create, and manage security associations.Security association is a generic term for a set of values that define the IPSec features and protections applied to a connection. It can also be manually created, using values agreed upon in advance by both parties, but these security associations c annot be updated; this method does not scale for a real-life large-scale VPNs. In IPSec, IKE is used to provide a secure mechanism for establishing IPSec-protected connections. 4. 1. 5 IPSec Protocol Basics Transport mode is used to provide secure communications between hosts over any range of IP addresses.Tunnel mode is used to create secure links between two private networks. Tunnel mode is the obvious choice for VPNs; however, there are some concerns about using tunnel mode in a client-to-site VPN because the IPSec protocol by itself does not provide for user authentication. However, when combined with an authentication system like Kerberos, IPSec can authenticate users. 4. 1. 6 Cryptography Used in IPSec Sessions Cryptography policy involves choosing encryption and integrity protection algorithms and key lengths. Most IPSec implementations offer the HMAC-MD5 and HMAC-SHA-1 hashing algorithms.Neither of these algorithms is computationally intensive. Although both plain MD5 and pl ain SHA-1 have known weaknesses, both are still considered sufficiently secure in their HMAC versions. In some implementations of IPSec, the cryptography policy settings are not immediately apparent to admin. The default settings for encryption and integrity protection, as well as the details of each setting, are often located down several levels of menus or are split among multiple locations. It is also challenging with some implementations to alter the settings once they have been located. . 1. 7 Authentication Used for Identifying IPSec IPSec implementations typically support two authentication methods: pre-shared keys and digital signatures. To use pre-shared keys, the IPSec admin creates a key or password string, which is then configured in each IPSec device. Pre-shared keys are the simplest authentication method to implement, but key management is challenging. Because of scalability and security concerns, pre-shared key authentication is generally an acceptable solution only f or small-scale implementations with known IP addresses or small IP address ranges.In the digital signature method, a certificate identifies each device, and each device is configured to use certificates. Two IPSec endpoints will trust each other if a Certification Authority (CA) that they both trust has signed their certificates. Many organizations are currently implementing public key infrastructures (PKI) for managing certificates for IPSec VPNs and other applications such as secure e-mail and Web access. 5. Conclusion VPNs allow users or corporations to connect to remote servers, branch offices, or to other companies over internetwork of public, while maintaining secure communications.In all of these cases, the secure connection appears to the user as a private network communication—despite the fact that this communication occurs over internetwork of public. VPN technology is designed to address issues surrounding the current business trend toward increased telecommuting a nd widely distributed global operations, where workers must be able to connect to central resources and communicate with each other. This paper provides an overview of VPN, VPN over IPSec and describes the basic requirements of useful VPN technologies: user authentication, address management, data encryption, key management, nd multiprotocol support. 6. Reference 1. S. Farnkel, K. Kent, R. Lewkowski. (December 2005). Guide to IPSec VPN. Available: http://csrc. nist. gov/publications/nistpubs/800-77/sp800-77. pdf. Last accessed January 20 2011. 2. Tom Olzak. (Jan22, 2007). SSTP: Microsoft VPN. Available: http://www. techrepublic. com/blog/security/sstp-microsofts-vpn/149. Last accessed 25 January 2011. 3. Open VPN. (2011). Open VPN cryptographic layer. Available: http://openvpn. net/index. php/open-source/documentation/security-overview. html. Last accessed 28 January 2011. 4. Erik Rodrigues-Types of VPN [online]. Resources as well as Images) Available from: http://www. skullbox. net /vpn. php[Accessed on: Feb 12 2011] 5. Internet Protocol Security [online]. Available from: http://www. interpeak. com/files/ipsec. pdf[Accessed on: Feb 4 2011] 6. SSL VPN VS. IPSec VPN [online]. Available from: http://www. arraynetworks. net/ufiles/File/SSLVPNvsIPSecWhitePaper021006. pdf[Accessed on: January 29 2011] 7. Available from: http://www. windowsecurity. com/articles/VPN-Options. html[Accessed on: Feb 14 2011 ] 8. Download the Green Bow IPSec VPN client [online]. Available from: www. thegreenbow. com/vpn/vpn_down. html [Accessed on: Feb 2012] . YouTube video of using the Green Bow software Available from: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=m6fu6saaNhQ [Accessed on: Jan 29 2008] 7. Appendix The step by step setup of â€Å"The Green Bow IPSec VPN client† is described below. Running the setup file. Language screen appears and click OK. Fig: Choose language screen. Welcome screen appears and click next. Fig: Setup Welcome screen. License and information regarding license s then click I Agree. Fig: License and information screen. Install location screen appears and click next. Fig: Installation location screen. Choosing start menu folder screen appears and click Install.Fig: start menu folder screen. Installing screen appears. Fig: Installing setup screen. Windows Security screen appears and click install. Fig: Windows Security screen. Setup Complete screen appears and click finish Fig: Completing Setup screen. How to use This Software System Tray Icon VPN Configuration Three step Configuration Wizard Step 1 of 3: Choice of remote equipment You must specify the type of the equipment at the end of the tunnel: VPN gateway. Step 2 of 3: VPN tunnel parameters You must specify the following information: the public (network side) address of the remote gateway he preshared key you will use for this tunnel (this preshared key must be the same as key in the Gateway) the IP address of your company LAN (e. g. specify 192. 168. 1. 0) Step 3 of 3: Summary The thi rd step summaries your new VPN configuration. Other parameters may be further configured directly via the ‘Configuration Panel' (e. g. Certificates, virtual IP address, etc). VPN Tunnel Configuration How to create a VPN Tunnel? To create a VPN tunnel from the Configuration Panel (without using the Configuration Wizard), you must follow the following steps: 1. Right-click on ‘Configuration' in the list window and select ‘New Phase 1' 2.Configure Authentication Phase (Phase 1) 3. Right-click on the ‘new Phase 1' in the tree control and select ‘Add Phase 2' 4. Configure IPSec Phase (Phase 2) 5. Once the parameters are set, click on ‘Save ; Apply' to take into account the new configuration. That way the IKE service will run with the new parameters 6. Click on ‘Open Tunnel' for establishing the IPSec VPN tunnel (only in â€Å"IPSec Configuration† window) VPN Configuration Please refer to Phase 1 and Phase 2 for settings descriptions. Authe ntication or Phase 1 What is Phase 1? ‘Authentication' or ‘Phase 1' window will concern settings for Authentication Phase or Phase 1.It is also called IKE Negotiation Phase. Phase 1's purpose is to negotiate IKE policy sets, authenticate the peers, and set up a secure channel between the peers. As part of Phase 1, each end system must identify and authenticate itself to the other. Interface Network interface IP address of the computer, through which VPN connection is established. Remote Gateway IP address or DNS address of the remote gateway (in our example: gateway. domain. com). This field is necessary. Pre-shared key Password or shared key with the remote gateway. IKE Encryption algorithm used during Authentication phase (DES, 3DES, AES, AES128, AES192, AES256).Authentication algorithm used during Authentication phase (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256). Key group is key length. Phase1 Advanced Settings Description Config-Mode If it is checked, the VPN Client will activate Config-M ode for this tunnel. Config- Mode allows VPN Client to fetch some VPN Configuration information from the VPN gateway. If Config-Mode is enabled, and provided that the remote Gateway supports, the following Parameters will be negotiated between the VPN Client and the remote Gateway during the IKE exchanges (Phase 1): Virtual IP address of the VPN Client DNS server address (optional)WINS server address (optional) Aggressive Mode If checked, the VPN Client will used aggressive mode as negotiation mode with the remote gateway. IPSec Configuration or Phase 2 What is Phase 2? ‘IPSec Configuration' or ‘Phase 2' window will concern settings for Phase 2. The purpose of Phase 2 is to negotiate the IPSec security parameters that are applied to the traffic going through tunnels negotiate during Phase 1. Phase 2 Settings Description VPN Client address Virtual IP address used by the VPN Client inside the remote LAN: The computer will appear in the LAN with this IP address.It is import ant this IP address should not belong to the remote LAN (e. g. , in the example, you should avoid an IP address like 192. 168. 1. 10). Address type The remote endpoint may be a LAN or a single computer, In case the remote endpoint is a LAN, choose â€Å"Subnet address† or â€Å"IP Range†. When choosing â€Å"Subnet address†, the two fields â€Å"Remote LAN address† and â€Å"Subnet mask† become available. When choosing â€Å"IP Range†, the two fields â€Å"Start address† and â€Å"End address† become available, enabling TheGreenBow IPSec VPN Client to establish a tunnel only within a range of a predefined IP addresses.The range of IP addresses can be one IP address. Incase the remote end point is a single computer, choose â€Å"Single Address†. When choosing â€Å"Single address†, only â€Å"Remote host address† is available. Remote address This field is â€Å"Remote LAN address† depending of the add ress type. It is the remote IP address or LAN network address of the gateway that opens the VPN tunnel. Phase2 Advanced Settings Script configuration Scripts or applications can be enabled for each step of a VPN tunnel opening and closing process: Before tunnel is opened Right after the tunnel is opened Before tunnel closes Right after tunnel is closedRemote Sharing Global Parameters Lifetime (sec. ) Default lifetime for IKE rekeying. Minimal lifetime for IKE rekeying. Maximal lifetime for IKE rekeying. Default lifetime for IPSec rekeying. Maximal lifetime for IPSec rekeying. Minimal lifetime for IPSec rekeying. Dead Peer Detection (DPD) Check interval (sec. ) Interval between DPD messages. Max number of retries Number of DPD messages sent. Delay between retries (sec. ) Interval between DPD messages when no reply from remote gateway. Miscellaneous Retransmissions How many times a message should be retransmitted before giving up. USB Mode Step 1 Step2 Step3 Step4